PMC

Quantification of the radioactivity during time–activity curves for the analysis of nitrogen‐13‐labeled nitrogen ([¹³N]N₂) gas and carbon‐11 (¹¹C)‐photoassimilate movement in T65 and C9285 plants. The positions of the regions of interest set on (a) field of view (FOV)1 or (b, c) FOV2 in T65 (T‐LB, leaf blade; T‐LS, leaf sheath; T‐IN, internode) and C9285 (C‐LB, leaf blade; C‐LS, leaf sheath; C‐IN, internode). (a) [¹³N]N₂ gas movement in FOV1. (b) [¹³N]N₂ gas movement in FOV2. (c) ¹¹C‐photoassimilate movement in FOV2. Four replicates of T65 and C9285 plants were examined in (a, b) and two replicates of T65 and C9285 plants in (c). Error bars indicate SD.

DNA pulley system. (A) Schematic of the experiment. The silicon nitride knife is held fixed, while a square capillary carrying a magnetically stretched molecule of DNA on its exterior is brought toward the knife edge (1) until the DNA makes contact with the blade (2). Further movement of the capillary drags the DNA over the blade edge in a pulley fashion (3,4). (B–E) Images of the blade and magnet. Arrows indicate location of the blade. (B and C) Stereomicroscope images of a silicon wafer supporting a silicon nitride blade (not visible) on one face and a permanent magnet glued to the opposite face. (D­ and E) Scanning electron microscope images of the silicon nitride blade. The blade protrudes 10–20 μm from the silicon wafer and has a thickness of 55 nm. (F) Experimental setup. The capillary carrying the DNA is mounted rigidly in a sample chamber, which is held by a piezoelectric positioning stage. Coarse approach of the blade to the DNA is achieved via a micromanipulator; the blade is then held fixed while the capillary and sample chamber are moved by the piezoelectric stage.

Complete movement patterns in the x-, y-, and z-axes for the four novice (a) and experienced (b) providers from blade insertion until glottic visualization. The blue line represents movement in the x-axis. The red line represents movement in the y-axis. The green line represents movement in the z-axis.

Blade alignment conditions: (a) Alignment neutral cowling (ANC), (b) Alignment neutral (AN), (c) Alignment lateral (AL), (d) Alignment medial (AM). Note: The modified blade holders positioned the blade runner an equal distance (0.55 cm) from neutral based on the maximal achievable distance from neutral that could be facilitated by the True blade holders.